What is the Parallel Universe Theory?

Hello dear readers, today a long-winded and at the same time gripping article awaits us. We will consider the Parallel Universe Theory, which is not fully known by everyone, in all respects. Before going into the article, much of the information here is "quoted" from open sources.

DEFINITION

The multiverse is the hypothetical set of finite and infinite possible universes, and these universes encompass everything that exists—all space, time, matter, and energy, as well as physical laws and physical changes. These universes are also called "parallel universes" or "alternate universes".

Information about parallel universes, alternate universes: The Nazis actually won the war. in alternate universes, right now ruled by the Nazis. Dinosaurs did not go extinct. They have completed their evolution and continue their lives.

Parallel Universes, Alternate Universes

It became a place where human beings could have lived for at least 300 years! Deadly diseases were also buried in the dark pages of history.

What is written about parallel universes alternate universes Is it a fantasy or a movie script? Or is it the absurd plot of a best seller novel?

None. This is the reflection of the theory of parallel universes... This theory is accepted by quantumists.

Hugh Everett

Parallel universes are a popular phenomenon today. But its beginnings date back to 1954. Hugh Everett was just a student at Princeton University when he came up with this theory. He is an expert in the fields of quantum and mathematics.

WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT PARALLEL UNIVERSE?

Is the parallel universes, alternate universes phenomenon based on scientific data or is it just a fantasy?

Quantum is indeed a complex subject to explain for those who are not involved. For this reason, I will try to explain the subject by simplifying as much as possible.

Quantum physics explores the atom and the subatomic. What has the work in this area revealed?

That the electrons in the orbit of the atomic nucleus sometimes appear on different sides of the orbital, not in the same place. In other words, subatomic particles can change positions, defying calculations. However, while they are expected to act in a certain direction...

        

HEISENBERG TRIED TO EXPLAIN: THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

In 1927, Werner Heisenberg tried to explain the situation with a principle he called the Uncertainty Theory. Everett has attempted to explain this theory in terms of the present.

According to the Hermetic teaching: Whatever is above, there is also below. That is: Everything that happens in the macrocosm is also in the microcosm.

If it is possible for the behavior of subatomic electrons not to appear in the same places, there is a parallelism between micro and macrocosms. So why not parallel universes?

This idea, of course, drew a lot of backlash. Everett was particularly despised by Niels Bohr. It was an imaginary thing, far from the seriousness of science.

        

When Albert Einstein began to strengthen this theory with his theory of relativity, when the warping of space-time was proven, the shifts once again pointed to parallel universes.

Indeed, was time different in our universe, different in what we call parallel universes? Was the "now" in this universe a yesterday or tomorrow of another universe?

As science seeks answers to these questions, new research has led us to gain new insights into parallel universes.

Double Slit Experiment

The double-slit experiment, also known as the Young's experiment, shows that light exhibits properties. It shows that the light exhibits the property as well as the property. In the simple version of the experiment, a coherent light source, such as a laser beam, illuminates a thin plate with two parallel slits, and the light passing through the slit is observed on a screen behind the plate. The wave nature of light allows light waves to pass through both slits and create bands of light and dark on the screen, which would not be expected if the light was completely particulate. But light is always seen to be absorbed on the screen, as if it were particles or formed. This demonstrates the principle known as wave-particle duality.

Now I will show you a video to understand this:

   

The most important part in video is that photons behave like waves. To understand this situation, a third experiment was performed. In this experiment, a photon detector was placed. (The "Observer" part we saw in the video) In this experiment, however, photons stopped acting like waves and acted as particles, as Albert Einstein said. Could it then be consciousness of light waves? could not.

So what was the physical explanation for this situation then?

The most acceptable research on this subject was done by Niels Bohr and his Assistant Heisenberg, this was called "Wave Particle Duality" and the foundation of Quantum Theory was laid.

According to this theory, light had both particle and wave properties on top of each other, this situation was called "Superposition". When we observed, the wave function of light collapsed and the light continued to move as a particle, passing through only one of the slits at a time.

The 4th Experiment was "So what happens if we observe the light secretly". The results of this experiment shocked the entire scientific community.

In this experiment, when they threw 1 photon into a slit, they found two particle tracks on the plate.

However, only 1 photon was thrown, in this case, the light wave in superposition would realize that we had observed it before the first plate, the wave function collapsed and the remaining particles split into two and passed through the slits as two particles. How could he know in advance what we were going to do? He was both conscious and saw the future. Was it traveling forward and backward in time because it was moving at the speed of light? this was an "extraordinary" situation in a way.

Experiment 5 was "So what happens if we only observe 1 slit?" This time, the light passed through the slit that we did not observe in the form of a wave, and in the slit where we observed, it passed in the form of particles.

The 6th and final experiment was "What happens if the Photon Detector observes both slits very little". This time the light realized that we were observing it less, a much fainter wave pattern was encountered on the second plate.

Did the Light Wave and its particles have a consciousness?

Quantum theorists answered no, but his explanation was even more bizarre.

According to this theory, everything occurred as a result of the observation of conscious observers. In other words, objects carry all possibilities, and when we look at them, only one of these possibilities was formed.

For example, Schrödinger's Cat was both dead and alive to them. When we opened the box to look at it, only one of these possibilities came true. Some of the theorists have taken this theory further and suggested that each possibility or probabilities come true in separate universes and that we live in only one of these universes. They called these universes "Parallel Universes". So if "Schrödinger's Cat" is dead in our universe, it was alive in the other universe. If he was alive in our universe, he was dead in the other universe..

Colliding dice-universes

Parallel Universe types:

To sum up, there are not one but many models of Parallel Universes (or Multiverses). Tegmark collects them in four main groups:

1-) The Multiverse model, which Tegmark calls "Type 1", is the Hubble volumes at great distances. For example, an Earth-centered region of space with a radius of 100 light-years must have a spherical volume of space at a distance of 1091 powers of 10; and there must be an identical copy of the entire Hubble volume at a distance of 10 to the power of 10115. Our "clones" in that other universe make different choices that affect their future lives. They vary, as do many slightly more imperfect copies of our Universe and different versions of quantum reality in the Everett interpretation. Tegmark sums it up as "Everything that could have happened in principle here actually happened elsewhere." In this "Type 1" Multiverse, there are other copies in an infinite and expanding meta-universe where everything arose from the same Big Bang, and everything obeys the same laws of physics.

2-) Another area that needs Type 2 Multiverses is the theory of inflation after the Big Bang. From the endless array of possible bubble universes floating in the metauniverse, we inevitably find ourselves in one that is suitable for life because what happens inside the bubbles that are not suitable for life there are no other life forms to notice. Other bubbles may not have exactly different sizes or rates of expansion, but due to the interaction of scalar fields and separation of fundamental forces in the Planck particle, they may have different values in things like gravitational force or the efficiency of nuclear combustion. Even the number of fundamental forces and the structure of elementary particles are different in bubbles. It may be different.

3-) Parallel universes of Everett-style quantum physics and their variations form the 3rd Type. This model also overlaps with multidimensional physics models. For example, the 11-dimensional space-time structure predicted in some string theories only gains meaning with Multiverses.

4-) In Multiverses, which Tegmark classifies as Type 4, all laws of physics are different. It would be more accurate to call them "mathematical universes".

Big questions and Parallel Universes:

Except that it offers a different interpretation of the quantum mystery, the Multiverse theory asks, "Where did the energy at the beginning of the universe come from?" It also gives an answer to the question. According to Einstein's special theory of relativity in 1905, energy can be exchanged between matter, particles, and fields in accordance with E=mc2 (Energy equals mass times the speed of light squared). If there is enough available energy in the field, it can transform itself into a pair of particles (a particle and its antiparticle), and these entities can interact to annihilate as their energies are converted to some other kind of field energy. Quantum uncertainty tells us that it is impossible for an object like an electron to have a precise energy. But quantum uncertainty also reminds us that it is impossible for the energy of even empty space to have an exact value. Whereas, zero is a definite value, so according to quantum physics, what we think of as empty space, or vacuum, is actually a field where short-lived beings formed in this way are fused. If that's the case, maybe the universe is nothing more than a quantum fluctuation. Moreover, the total energy of the universe is zero: that is, negative gravity is equal to the positive energy of matter. So in the beginning there was not a big burst of energy, but a quantum fluctuation.

Electron/positron interaction with the Feynman diagram used in quantum electrodynamics. If this theory is correct, some overlap one another, while others are completely separate; but there may be an infinite number of these bubbles occupying the same Universe of space and time. These universes may indeed be infinite in number, but no observer can perceive them all at once. Also, the universe may indeed be infinite even though we only see a finite volume of it. When cosmologists speak of a Universe centered on a subatomic fireball of energy, they mean the entire observable Universe. The original superdense state itself may be infinitely large, and our visible Universe may represent a tiny fraction of this infinite region that swells to a much larger size.

Communication between universes:

If there are an infinite number of Multiverses, it is very likely that some of them are similar to the world we live in. However, this exists in a universe far beyond our reach or in another dimension. The "we" that exists in this similar world is not actually us, it is our likeness. We're talking about another possible world. As an entity, we are not there, but another entity similar to us, the "we" existing in the other universe. In other universes, people like us may have completely different preferences and lives. If we go back to the electron example, when we observe the electron passing through two holes, it collapses into the same situation in whichever hole we observe it. It may have crashed into a different hole in another universe. Like this, suppose we turned left yesterday morning when we left the ferry port. In another universe, our like may have turned to the right, thus creating a different "life branch".

An infinite number of universes (or very close to infinity) are predicted in all Multiverse models. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that there are an infinite number of universes. For this reason, there is a possibility that there is a world similar to ours in another universe. Infinity is such a large number that one of the infinite possibilities is a universe similar to our own. If there are Multiverses, it means an infinite number of worlds, an infinite number of variations, and essentially an infinite number of equivalent copies. In this context, anything is possible in an infinite Universe, including an infinite number of Universes where people equivalent to us lead lives just like us. But the chance of any of these similar Universes occupying "our" bubble is negligible. There are not one but many versions of Multiverses. According to some theories, the Multiverses are very, very far away, according to some theories they are in another dimension. But in the end, the chances of them interacting with each other are almost nil.

The general answer of physicists is "no" whether the existence of other universes described by Hugh Everett directly affects our world. But David Deutsch, one of today's Many World interpretation pioneers, says it happens all the time. What's more, he states, it's possible in principle to build an intelligent (or at least conscious) computer that can sense the effects of a few of the many interacting worlds and report back that feeling to us.

Gravity Weakness Problem

Another physics problem is that the gravitational force is very weak. The concept of Multiverses also offers a solution to this problem: If gravitons responsible for gravity can also seep into our Universe, then why gravity is so weak may gain an explanation. In multidimensional models of dice in string theories, several 3D dice worlds can lie side by side in higher dimensional space, like a stack of papers on a table. The next-door universe is perhaps microscopically close to us in the eleventh dimension, even close enough for some of its gravitons to seep into our Universe and affect how things move.

the interaction of gravity between two "worlds"

What about Journey Between Universes?

Without ever getting into the problem of time travel, assuming that this travel is possible, a traveler can go back in time to one branch of history (one universe) and then forward to another branch (to another universe). This does not mean that he actually changed history; Both versions have always existed. For example, in the classic "grandma paradox", a traveler travels back in time and accidentally kills his grandmother before the traveler's mother was born. In this case, if there was only one timeline, the traveler would never have been born and thus would not have been able to go back in time and his grandfather would have lived, etc. In the Many Worlds version of the story, the traveler travels to the past and changes history there, but this is already another universe, it does not change our universe.

Some researchers have used the Many Worlds interpretation of quantum physics to describe what would appear if a real marble encountered such a real wormhole assembly. From a distance it is impossible to tell exactly which path the marble took in the wormhole. All you see is the ball moving into the two holes, interacting with them in some way, and then leaving the vicinity of the two holes. It turns out that this fully corresponds to the behavior of a photon or an electron in the two-slit experiment. It approaches the two holes, interacts with them in some way, and emerges on the other side. Thorne and colleagues found that the only viable explanation for what would happen to the marble in such a situation was that all possible paths interfered with each other to create what appeared to be a single end state. Novikov and colleagues proved that self-consistent solutions with only equations satisfy the rules of quantum physics. Paradoxical paths destroy each other through interference. In Deutsch's language, all universes are the same to the point where there is time travel interaction, then the stories told in different universes begin to separate from each other, but on the other side of the interaction the stories are once again the same and always tell a self-consistent story. Or perhaps the universes are not identical on the other side of the time experiment; perhaps this really marks a place in the Multiverse where histories diverge, but all of the stories should still be self-consistent.

Bibliography: Brian Greene, The Elegance of the Universe John Gribbin , Multiverses K. Ford, Quantum M. Chown in 101 Questions, A Little Quantum Doesn't Hurt, David and Richard Garfinkle, The Universe in Three Steps

Thank you Kerem C. for his contributions.

by:Yunus Emre Eşkin